WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF12520) on July 29, 2025, by Legislative Attorney Milan N. Ball: * * * What Is a "Church" for Federal Tax Purposes? Entities that are "churches" under Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 170(b)(1)(A)(i) also qualify as "religious organizations" under IRC Section 501(c)(3) and thus are generally exempt from the federal income tax under IRC Section 501(a). However, "churches" rece more PR

WASHINGTON, July 29 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R48564) on July 28, 2025, entitled "Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2026 Appropriations" by agricultural policy specialist. Here are excerpts: * * * SUMMARY The Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act (Agriculture appropriations) funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) - except for the U.S. Forest Service - and the Food more PR

WASHINGTON, July 29 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF13072) on July 25, 2025, by financial economics specialist Rena S. Miller: * * * Artificial Intelligence and Derivatives Markets: Policy Issues AI Use and Derivatives: Background The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in derivatives markets has ballooned in recent decades, creating new policy issues as well as amplifying existing ones. As of 2023, 99% of leading financial ser more PR

WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R40480) on July 29, 2025, entitled "Budget Reconciliation Measures Enacted into Law Since 1980" by Megan S. Lynch, Congress and legislative process specialist. Here are excerpts: * * * SUMMARY The budget reconciliation process is an optional procedure that operates as an adjunct to the budget resolution process established by the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. The chief purpose of the reco more PR

WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF13066) on July 17, 2025, natural resources policy specialist Charles V. Stern. Here are excerpts: * * * Bureau of Reclamation: FY2026 Budget and Appropriations The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), part of the Department of the Interior, is primarily responsible for the construction and operation of hundreds of large dams and water diversion structures in the 17 western Rec more PR

WASHINGTON, Aug. 1 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF12597) on July 31, 2025, legislative attorney Jared P. Cole and education policy analyst Adam K. Edgerton: * * * The Clery Act, as Amended by the Stop Campus Hazing Act The federal government requires colleges and universities to implement several institutional policies aimed at ensuring the safety and security of their students. One key federal statute that applies to postsecon more PR

WASHINGTON, July 29 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Legal Sidebar white paper (No. LSB11332) on July 18, 2025, by legislative attorney Christopher T. Zirpoli: * * * Court Decisions Regarding Tariffs Imposed Under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) In 2025, President Donald Trump invoked the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) to impose tariffs on most U.S. imports. Several parties filed lawsuits asserting that IEEPA doe more PR

WASHINGTON, July 29 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF13065) on July 18, 2025, by income security specialist John J. Topoleski. Here are excerpts: * * * Data on Private Sector Defined Benefit Plans, 2010-2022 A pension is a voluntary benefit that employers can offer to assist employees in providing for their financial security in retirement. Pension plans receive a number of tax advantages and vary along a number of characteristi more PR

WASHINGTON, July 29 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R48609) on July 25, 2025, entitled "District of Columbia FY2025 Budget Status: In Brief" by economic development policy analyst Joseph V. Jaroscak. Here are excerpts: * * * Contents Introduction ... 1 District of Columbia Budget Process ... 1 Local Budget Autonomy ... 2 District of Columbia FY2025 Local Budget ... 3 District of Columbia Government ... 3 Financial Services and General Gov more PR

WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF13064) on July 17, 2025. The white paper is written by transportation policy analyst Ali E. Lohman and public finance analysts Nicholas E. Buffie and Anthony A. Cilluffo: * * * Electric Vehicle Taxes and the Federal Highway Trust Fund Like other vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs) may use federally funded roads. Unlike other vehicles, EVs do not consume gasoline or other fuels, more PR

WASHINGTON, July 29 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R44413) on July 25, 2025, entitled "Energy and Water Development Appropriations for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation: In Brief" by nonproliferation specialist Mary Beth D. Nikitin. Here are excerpts: * * * SUMMARY The Department of Energy's (DOE's) nonproliferation and national security programs provide technical capabilities to support U.S. efforts to reduce the threat of nuclear weapons pro more PR

WASHINGTON, July 29 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Legal Sidebar white paper (No. LSB11301) on July 18, 2025, by legislative attorney Peter J. Benson: * * * FCC v. Consumers' Research: High Court Rejects Challenge to Universal Service Fund In the Communications Act of 1934, Congress directed the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to make available, "so far as possible, to all the people of the United States," wire and radio communications services "w more PR

WASHINGTON, Aug. 1 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R45997) on July 31, 2025, entitled "Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function" by economic development policy analyst Julie M. Lawhorn. Here are excerpts: * * * SUMMARY Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function This report describes the structure, activities, legislative history, and funding history of the 10 federal r more PR

WASHINGTON, Aug. 1 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R45997) on July 31, 2025, entitled "Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities - Structural Features and Function:" (Continued from Part 1 of 5) * * * Delta Regional Authority The Delta Regional Authority (DRA) was established in 2000 to address economic distress in the Mississippi River Delta region./47 The DRA aims to "improve regional economic opportunity by helping to create jobs, build  more PR

WASHINGTON, Aug. 1 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R45997) on July 31, 2025, entitled "Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities - Structural Features and Function:" (Continued from Part 2 of 5) * * * Great Lakes Authority The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328, Division O, Title IV, Sec.401) amended 40 U.S.C. Sec.15301(a) to establish the Great Lakes Authority (GLA). The structure and functions of the GLA are based on the  more PR

WASHINGTON, Aug. 1 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R45997) on July 31, 2025, entitled "Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities - Structural Features and Function:" (Continued from Part 3 of 5) * * * Northern Great Plains Regional Authority The Northern Great Plains Regional Authority (NGPRA) was created by the 2002 farm bill./163 The NGPRA was created to address economic distress in Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri (other than counties included  more PR

WASHINGTON, Aug. 1 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R45997) on July 31, 2025, entitled "Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities - Structural Features and Function:" (Continued from Part 4 of 5) * * * Overview of Structure and Activities As authorized, the SNERC would share a structure with the GLA, MARC, NBRC, SBRC, and SCRC. Authority Structure As authorized, the SNERC would consist of a federal co-chair, appointed by the President with more PR

WASHINGTON, July 29 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12562) on July 25, 2025, by health care financing specialist Bernadette Fernandez: * * * Financing Cost-Sharing Reduction Reimbursements to Private Health Plans In June 2024, the Canadian government enacted Bill C-59, which included a 3% digital services tax (DST) - retroactive to January 2022 - on certain revenues of large digital services providers active in, for example, onli more PR

WASHINGTON, Aug. 2 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R47911) on Aug. 1, 2025, entitled "Freight Rail Safety Issues in the 119th Congress" by transportation policy analyst Ben Goldman. Here are excerpts: * * * SUMMARY The February 3, 2023, train derailment and chemical spill in East Palestine, OH, raised the profile of rail safety issues. Railroad labor organizations and some state and local governments have voiced concerns about railroad busines more PR

WASHINGTON, Aug. 2 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R47911) on Aug. 1, 2025, entitled "Freight Rail Safety Issues in the 119th Congress:" (Continued from Part 1 of 2) * * * Prevention of Train Derailments Derailments account for roughly two-thirds of rail safety incidents (not including grade crossing incidents). In raw terms and on a per-train-mile basis, most derailments tend to occur on yard, siding, or industry tracks, as opposed to occurre more PR

WASHINGTON, July 29 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Legal Sidebar white paper (No. LSB10922) on July 18, 2025, by legislative attorney Christopher T. Zirpoli: * * * Generative Artificial Intelligence and Copyright Law Innovations in artificial intelligence (AI) have raised several new questions in the field of copyright law. Generative AI programs - such as Open AI's DALL-E and ChatGPT programs, Stability AI's Stable Diffusion program, and Midjourney's sel more PR

WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF12813) on July 24, 2025, by international humanitarian policy specialist Rhoda Margesson. Here are excerpts: * * * Global Refugee Resettlement: Background and Selected Issues During the past decade, the global number of refugees (including asylum-seekers--those who have applied for refugee status but whose claim has not yet been definitively evaluated) more than doubled to ove more PR

WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. LSB11343) on July 29, 2025, by legislative attorney Joanna R. Lampe: * * * HALT Fentanyl Act Permanently Controls Fentanyl-Related Substances On July 17, 2025, President Trump signed into law the Halt All Lethal Trafficking of Fentanyl Act (HALT Fentanyl Act). Among other things, the HALT Fentanyl Act permanently placed certain fentanyl-related substances (FRS) - a class of compo more PR

WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12565) on July 17, 2025, by agricultural policy specialist Renee Johnson: * * * Hemp Restrictions in FY2026 Agriculture Appropriations The House and Senate Committees on Appropriations have approved FY2026 Agriculture appropriations bills (H.R. 4121 and S. 2256) that would similarly redefine the statutory definition of hemp to restrict the commercial production, sale, and distr more PR

WASHINGTON, July 29 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12588) on July 28, 2025, by immigration policy analyst Holly Straut-Eppsteiner and legislative attorney Hillel R. Smith: * * * Immigration Court Legal Access Programs: Terminations and Related Litigation Immigration courts within the Department of Justice's (DOJ's) Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) are responsible for adjudicating proceedings to determine whether an more PR

WASHINGTON, Aug. 2 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Legal Sidebar white paper (No. LSB11345) on Aug. 1, 2025, by legislative attorney Valerie C. Brannon: * * * Interim and Acting U.S. Attorneys Raise Open Legal Questions There are 93 U.S. Attorneys' Offices across the country, charged with enforcing federal law and representing the United States in federal courts. The U.S. Attorneys at the head of these offices are appointed to four-year terms through presi more PR

WASHINGTON, July 31 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R43397) on July 30, 2025, entitled "Legislative Branch Appropriations: Frequently Asked Questions" by Congress specialist Ida A. Brudnick. Here are excerpts: * * * SUMMARY This report responds to frequently asked questions about legislative branch appropriations. Frequently asked questions include the items that are funded within this bill; development, presentation, and consideration of the  more PR

WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. RS21282) on July 29, 2025, entitled "Military Service Records, Awards, and Unit Histories: A Guide to Locating Sources" by research librarians Barbara Salazar Torreon and Travis A. Ferrell. Here are excerpts: * * * Summary This guide provides information on locating military unit histories and individual service records of discharged, retired, and deceased military personnel. It also provides more PR

WASHINGTON, Aug. 2 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF11281) on Aug. 1, 2025, by natural resources policy analyst Mark K. DeSantis. Here are excerpts: * * * National Park Service Affiliated Areas: An Overview In addition to managing the 433 units of the National Park System, the National Park Service (NPS) manages or assists with other areas that are linked in importance and purpose to this system. These related areas may be recog more PR

WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF11987) on July 29, 2025, by Linda R. Rowan, natural resources and earth sciences analyst. Here are excerpts: * * * The National Volcano Early Warning and Monitoring System In 2019, Congress established a National Volcano Early Warning and Monitoring System (NVEWS; P.L. 116-9, Sec.5001; 43 U.S.C. Sec.31k). The law directed the Secretary of the Interior acting through the Direct more PR

WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF11826) on July 24, 2025, by naval affairs specialist Ronald O'Rourke. Here are excerpts: * * * Navy Next-Generation Attack Submarine (SSN[X]) Program: Background and Issues for Congress Introduction The Navy has been procuring Virginia-class nuclear powered attack submarines (SSNs) since FY1998. The Navy's envisaged successor to the Virginia-class design is the Next-Generatio more PR

WASHINGTON, Aug. 2 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN11701) on Aug. 1, 2025, by disability policy analyst Scott D. Szymendera. Here are excerpts: * * * Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Regulation of Employee Exposure to Heat Employees who work outdoors, including those in industries such as construction and agriculture, may be exposed to extreme heat conditions. Similarly, certain indoor work situations - such  more PR

WASHINGTON, Aug. 2 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF13076) on Aug. 1, 2025, by legislative attorney April J. Anderson: * * * Overview of Language-Access Requirements for Federally Funded Programs and Federal Agencies Federal funding recipients and federal agencies may have certain legal obligations to provide their services to non-English speakers, though recent executive orders and regulatory activity have changed (and may conti more PR

WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF12297) on July 17, 2025, by military ground forces specialist Andrew Feickert. Here are excerpts: * * * PATRIOT Air and Missile Defense System for Ukraine The PATRIOT air and missile defense (AMD) system is an integral component of U.S. air and missile defense. The system and its interceptors are both expensive and limited in supply. On December 21, 2022, the Department of Def more PR

WASHINGTON, July 31 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF11772) on July 30, 2025, natural resources policy specialists Carol Hardy Vincent and Eric P. Nardi. Here are excerpts: * * * Payments in Lieu of Taxes (PILT): Section 6902 Payments Introduction Several federal programs compensate local jurisdictions for the presence of nontaxable federal lands. The widest-ranging program is the Department of the Interior's (DOI's) Payments i more PR

WASHINGTON, Aug. 2 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF12372) on Aug. 1, 2025, by foreign affairs analyst Joshua Klein. Here are excerpts: * * * Peru: Country Overview and U.S. Relations Peru is a geographically and ethnically diverse country encompassing portions of the Amazon Basin, the Andean highlands, and the Pacific coast of South America (Figure 1). In 2001, Peru transitioned from a period of domestic terrorism, authoritaria more PR

WASHINGTON, July 31 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R48549) on July 30, 2025, entitled "Presidential 2025 Tariff Actions: Timeline and Status" by research librarians Keigh E. Hammond and William F. Burkhart. Here are excerpts: * * * SUMMARY Since the beginning of his second term as president on January 20, 2025, President Donald J. Trump has increased tariffs on U.S. imports from all global partners. To implement these tariffs, the President h more PR

WASHINGTON, Aug. 1 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12589) on July 31, 2025, by economic development policy analyst Adam G. Levin and immigration policy analyst Jill H. Wilson. Here are excerpts: * * * Recent Developments in International Tourism to the U.S. Certain recent developments have led some observers to express concern about the state of international tourism to the United States. These developments include lengthy visa  more PR

WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R48605) on July 22, 2025, entitled "Safety Considerations for Automated Passenger Vehicles" by transportation policy analyst Naseeb A. Souweidane. Here are excerpts: * * * SUMMARY Automated vehicle technologies offer a range of driver support functions that some stakeholders assert may improve traffic safety. These technologies vary in their capabilities and current stages of development. Sel more PR

WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R48605) on July 22, 2025, entitled "Safety Considerations for Automated Passenger Vehicles:" (Continued from Part 1 of 2) * * * State and Federal Interactions Federal and state agencies have separate regulatory authority over vehicle safety and regulate many aspects of automated vehicle safety differently. Among other responsibilities, NHTSA generally sets vehicle standards, ensures complian more PR

WASHINGTON, July 31 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R47324) on July 15, 2025, entitled "Seabed Mining in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Issues for Congress" by natural resources policy specialist Caitlin Keating-Bitonti. Here are excerpts: * * * SUMMARY On April 24, 2025, as part of a broader national effort to secure reliable supplies for critical minerals, the Trump Administration issued Executive Order (E.O.) 14285, "Unleashing America more PR

WASHINGTON, July 31 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R47324) on July 15, 2025, entitled "Seabed Mining in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Issues for Congress:" (Continued from Part 1 of 2) * * * Ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea The U.S. Senate has considered ratifying UNCLOS multiple times./92 From the 115th through 118th Congresses, some Members have introduced resolutions calling on the U.S. Senate to g more PR

WASHINGTON, July 31 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF11346) on July 30, 2025, Danielle M. Trachtenberg, international trade and finance analyst. * * * Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 Title III of the Trade Act of 1974 (Sections 301-310, 19 U.S.C. Sec.Sec.2411-2420), titled "Relief from Unfair Trade Practices," is often collectively referred to as "Section 301." Under Section 301, Congress grants the Office of the United Stat more PR

WASHINGTON, July 29 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12553) on July 18, 2025, by financial economics analyst Paul Tierno: * * * Stablecoin Legislation: An Overview of S. 1582, GENIUS Act of 2025 On July 17, 2025, the House passed S. 1582, the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins Act of 2025, or GENIUS Act, without amendment. An overview of key policy issues can be found here. The bill would establish a more PR

WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF13073) on July 29, 2025, by American national government specialist R. Eric Petersen. Here are excerpts: * * * Staff Pay, Selected Positions in House Member and Committee Offices, 2024 Levels of pay for congressional staff are a source of recurring questions among Members of Congress, congressional staff, and the public. There may be interest in congressional pay data for mult more PR

WASHINGTON, July 29 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF11633) on July 28, 2025, by social policy analyst Kara Clifford Billings and nutrition assistance policy specialist Randy Alison Aussenberg. Here are excerpts: * * * Summer Food for Children: An Overview of Federal Aid Since the late 1960s, the federal government has provided assistance for summer meals served to children through the Summer Food Service Program (SFSP), which p more PR

WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R48552) on July 15, 2025, entitled "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and Related Nutrition Programs in P.L. 119-21: An Overview" by nutrition assistance policy specialist Randy Alison Aussenberg. Here are excerpts: * * * SUMMARY Nutrition provisions in the budget reconciliation law (the One Big Beautiful Bill Act [OBBBA]; P.L. 119-21, H.R. 1), as enacted on July 4, 2025, are estimate more PR

WASHINGTON, Aug. 2 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Legal Sidebar white paper (No. LSB10929) on Aug. 1, 2025, by legislative attorney Dave S. Sidhu: * * * Supreme Court: Retribution Tied to the Original Offense Cannot Factor into Supervised Release Revocation Decisions What are the legitimate reasons a government may subject an individual to criminal punishment? Western penological theory and American legal history generally identify four principled bases f more PR

WASHINGTON, Aug. 1 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Legal Sidebar white paper (No. LSB11344) on July 31, 2025, legislative attorney Justin C. Chung: * * * Martin v. U.S.: Supreme Court Allows Suit Against the Federal Government for Raid on Wrong House On June 12, 2025, in Martin v. United States, the Supreme Court addressed whether the federal government could be held liable for a raid by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents mistakenly carried out o more PR

WASHINGTON, July 29 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Legal Sidebar white paper (No. LSB11219) on July 18, 2025, by legislative attorney Dave S. Sidhu: * * * Supreme Court Declines Review of Decision Upholding Constitutionality of Maryland's "Assault Weapons" Ban In 2017, the en banc U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit held that a Maryland ban on certain firearms defined as "assault weapons" was consistent with the Second Amendment. In 2022, the Sup more PR

WASHINGTON, July 29 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF12481) on July 25, 2025, by Asian affairs analyst Caitlin Campbell. Here are excerpts: * * * Taiwan: Defense and Military Issues Overview The People's Republic of China (PRC, or China) claims but has never controlled Taiwan, a self-governing democracy of 23.4 million people located across the Taiwan Strait from mainland China. PRC leaders have stated their preference to unify more PR

WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R48611) on July 29, 2025, entitled "Tax Provisions in P.L. 119-21, the FY2025 Reconciliation Law." The report is written by economics specialist Mark P. Keightley, economic policy senior specialist Jane G. Gravelle, acting section research manager Grant A. Driessen and public finance specialists Anthony A. Cilluffo, Nicholas E. Buffie, Donald J. Marples and Brendan McDermott. Here are excerpts more PR

WASHINGTON, Aug. 2 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R48613) on Aug. 1, 2025, entitled "Taxation of Social Security Benefits and the Senior Deduction in P.L. 119-21: In Brief" by social policy analyst T. Lynn Sears. Here are excerpts: * * * Contents Introduction ... 1 Taxation of Social Security Benefits ... 1 The Senior Deduction in P.L. 119-21 ... 5 Effect of the Senior Deduction on Taxation of Social Security Benefits ... 5 Additional C more PR

WASHINGTON, July 29 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12587) on July 28, 2025, by foreign affairs analyst William Piekos and Asian affairs analyst Ben Dolven: * * * Thailand's Political Crisis: Issues for Congress On July 1, Thailand's Constitutional Court - a powerful force in Thai politics that has historically favored the military, the monarchy, and traditional elites - suspended the prime minister, Paetongtarn Shinawatra, while more PR

WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF13071) on July 24, 2025, by American national government specialist R. Eric Petersen and science and technology policy analyst Rachel Lindbergh: * * * Transfer of a Space Vehicle: Issues for Congress P.L. 119-21, the FY2025 reconciliation act signed into law on July 4, 2025, provides for the transfer of a space vehicle designated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administra more PR

WASHINGTON, July 31 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R48600) on July 16, 2025, entitled "Trump v. CASA, Inc. and Nationwide Injunctions During the Second Trump Administration" by legislative attorney Joanna R. Lampe. Here are excerpts: * * * SUMMARY On June 27, 2025, the Supreme Court decided Trump v. CASA, Inc., a trio of consolidated cases in which the Court limited the ability of federal courts to issue nationwide injunctions - court orders  more PR

WASHINGTON, July 31 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R48600) on July 16, 2025, entitled "Trump v. CASA, Inc. and Nationwide Injunctions During the Second Trump Administration:" (Continued from Part 1 of 2) * * * Trump v. CASA, Inc. On June 27, 2025, in Trump v. CASA, Inc., the Supreme Court held that the Judiciary Act of 1789 does not authorize nationwide injunctions that reach more broadly than needed to provide complete relief to parties to  more PR

WASHINGTON, July 30 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12586) on July 17, 2025, by American national government analyst Barry J. McMillion. Here are excerpts: * * * U.S. Court of International Trade: Background, Judgeships and Caseload Statistics Background of the Court In 1980, with the passage of the Customs Courts Act, Congress reorganized the U.S. Customs Court as the U.S. Court of International Trade. The judges serving on th more PR

WASHINGTON, July 29 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF12595) on July 24, 2025, by Kyla H. Kitamura, international trade and finance analyst. Here are excerpts: * * * U.S.-Canada Trade Relations The United States and Canada have had one of the largest bilateral trade relationships in the world, including highly integrated energy and automotive markets. Since 1989, U.S.-Canada trade has been governed by the U.S.-Canada Free Trade A more PR

WASHINGTON, July 29 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF11123) on July 25, 2025, by Shayerah I. Akhtar, international trade and finance specialist. Here are excerpts: * * * U.S.-UK Trade Relations: Background and Select Issues The United States and the United Kingdom (UK) are among the world's largest economies and are close trade and investment partners (Figure 1). During the first Trump Administration, following the UK's withdraw more PR

WASHINGTON, July 31 (TNSLrpt) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF10002) on July 30, 2025, Cathleen D. Cimino-Isaacs, international trade and finance analyst. * * * World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization established in 1995 following the ratification of the Uruguay Round Agreements, and today includes 166 members. It succeeded the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), created more PR