WASHINGTON, Sept. 29 -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following fact sheet (No. R43419) on Sept. 26, 2024, by science and technology policy analyst Rachel Lindbergh. Here are excerpts: * * * Overview Congressional deliberations about the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) often focus on the availability of funding. This fact sheet provides data on past and current NASA appropriations, as well as the President's FY2025 budget request and congressional action  more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 2 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF11409) on Oct. 1, 2024, by military ground forces specialist Andrew Feickert: * * * Defense Primer: Army Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) As an operational concept, Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) influence what types of weapon systems and equipment the Army procures, what types and numbers of soldiers are needed, the organizational structure of the Army, and what type of training is more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 4 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF11737) on Oct. 3, 2024, by Diane P. Horn, flood insurance and emergency management specialist: * * * A Brief Introduction to the National Flood Insurance Program The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is the primary source of flood insurance coverage for residential properties in the United States. The NFIP has two main policy goals: (1) to provide access to primary flood i more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 2 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF12486) on Oct. 1, 2024, by Peter J. Meyer, Latin American and Canadian affairs specialist. Here are excerpts: * * * Central America: Policy Options Following Expiration of Targeted Sanctions Authority On December 27, 2023, a targeted sanctions authority created by Congress to respond to corruption and democratic backsliding in four Central American countries (Figure 1) expired a more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF10590) on Oct. 1, 2024, by social policy specialist Emilie Stoltzfus. Here are excerpts: * * * Child Welfare: Purposes, Federal Programs, and Funding The Work of Child Welfare Agencies Children depend on adults - usually their parents - to protect and support them. The broadest mission of public child welfare agencies is to strengthen families so that children can depend on th more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 4 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF11737) on Oct. 3, 2024, by nonproliferation specialist Paul K. Kerr: * * * China: Nuclear and Missile Proliferation The U.S. government has for decades expressed concerns about China's proliferation of nuclear- and missile-related technologies to other countries, with more recent focus on the threat of Chinese acquisition of U.S.-origin nuclear technology. (See CRS In Focus IF110 more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF12775) on Oct. 2, 2024, by legislative attorney Kevin J. Hickey: * * * Copyright and Uses of Music by Political Campaigns During election seasons, news stories often report of musicians and songwriters objecting to uses of their music by political campaigns. Sometimes, these artists send cease-and-desist letters, threaten or file lawsuits, or otherwise publicly demand that candid more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF10485) on Oct. 2, 2024, by naval affairs specialist Ronald O'Rourke: * * * Defense Primer: Geography, Strategy, and U.S. Force Design World geography is an influence on U.S. strategy, which in turn helps shape the design of U.S. military forces. World Geography and U.S. Strategy Most of the world's people, resources, and economic activity are located not in the Western Hemisph more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 1 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF12774) on Sept. 30, 2024, by macroeconomic policy analyst Lida R. Weinstock. Here are excerpts: * * * Defining Recession Over time, an economy fluctuates between periods of above- and below-average short-term growth. These fluctuations are referred to as the economy's "business cycle." As the economy moves through the business cycle, gross domestic product (GDP) and several addi more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF10484) on Oct. 2, 2024, by naval affairs specialist Ronald O'Rourke: Here are excerpts: * * * Defense Primer: Department of the Navy One Military Department with Two Military Services The Department of the Navy (DON) is a single military department that includes two military services - the Navy and the Marine Corps. As such, DON has a single civilian leader, the Secretary of th more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 1 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF12774) on Sept. 30, 2024, by Kelley M. Sayler, advanced technology and global security specialist: * * * DOD Replicator Initiative: Background and Issues for Congress Introduction Replicator, unveiled on August 28, 2023, is a Department of Defense (DOD) initiative, led by DOD's Defense Innovation Unit (DIU), to field thousands of uncrewed systems by August 2025. Replicator's fi more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 2 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF10992) on Sept. 30, 2024, by education policy specialists Kyrie E. Dragoo and Rebecca R. Skinner: * * * Department of Education Support for School Safety Initiatives Congressional interest in elementary and secondary public school safety and security remains strong. Though public school safety and security is primarily a state and local responsibility, there are federal programs more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 4 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF12777) on Oct. 2, 2024, by legislative attorney Kristen Hite and natural resources policy specialist Pervaze A. Sheikh. Here are excerpts: * * * Implications of the European Union Deforestation Regulation Many people have expressed concerns about global deforestation (the conversion of forest for non-forest uses) and forest degradation (the conversion of primary forests to othe more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 4 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF10411) on Oct. 3, 2024, by macroeconomic policy analyst Lida R. Weinstock. Here are excerpts: * * * Introduction to U.S. Economy: The Business Cycle and Growth On July 19, 2021, the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), an independent, nonprofit research group, announced that economic activity in the United States reached a post-COVID-19 pandemic onset trough in April 20 more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 4 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF11020) on Oct. 3, 2024, by macroeconomic policy analyst Lida R. Weinstock. Here are excerpts: * * * Introduction to U.S. Economy: Business Investment What Is Business Investment? Business investment is spending by private businesses and nonprofits on physical capital - long-lasting assets used to produce goods and services. Physical capital is generally grouped into three categ more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 4 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF11657) on Oct. 3, 2024, by macroeconomic policy analyst Lida R. Weinstock. Here are excerpts: * * * Introduction to U.S. Economy: Consumer Spending Consumer spending is a key driver of short-run economic growth in the U.S. economy. This In Focus provides an overview of consumer spending, summarizes recent trends, describes its relationship with the business cycle, and discusses  more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 2 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF12770) on Oct. 1, 2024, by Middle Eastern affairs specialists Jim Zanotti and Clayton Thomas. Here are excerpts: * * * Israel and Lebanese Hezbollah: Conflict and Escalation A day after Hamas (a U.S.-designated foreign terrorist organization, or FTO) led October 7, 2023, attacks against Israel that began their ongoing war, Lebanese Hezbollah (another FTO) started shooting rocke more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF10590) on Oct. 2, 2024, by naval affairs specialist Ronald O'Rourke: * * * Defense Primer: Naval Forces "Naval Forces" Refers to Both the Navy and Marine Corps Although the term naval forces is often used to refer specifically to Navy forces, it more properly refers to both Navy and Marine Corps forces, because both the Navy and Marine Corps are naval services. For further disc more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF12599) on Oct. 2, 2024, by naval affairs specialist Ronald O'Rourke: * * * Defense Primer: Navy Distributed Maritime Operations (DMO) Concept Introduction Distributed Maritime Operations (DMO) is the operating concept of the Department of the Navy (or DON, which includes the Navy and Marine Corps) for using U.S. naval (i.e., Navy and Marine Corps) forces in combat operations aga more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 4 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF11697) on Oct. 3, 2024, by defense policy analyst Anya L. Fink: * * * Defense Primer: Nuclear Command, Control and Communications (NC3) The Department of Defense (DOD) is replacing many elements of the U.S. nuclear command, control, and communications (NC3) architecture as part of the United States' ongoing efforts to recapitalize its nuclear forces. This architecture--composed o more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 1 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF12672) on Sept. 30, 2024, by defense policy analyst Anya L. Fink: * * * Russia's Nuclear Weapons Russia presents an "acute threat" to the United States and its allies, according to the 2022 National Defense Strategy. The 2022 Nuclear Posture Review, a Biden Administration review of U.S. nuclear policy, states 'Russia remains the U.S. rival with the most capable and diverse nucle more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 4 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF10018) on Oct. 3, 2024, by Christopher A. Casey, international trade and finance analyst. Here are excerpts: * * * Trade Remedies: Antidumping and Countervailing Duties Overview What are they? Antidumping (AD) and Countervailing Duties (CVD) address unfair trade practices by providing relief to U.S. industries and workers that are "materially injured," or threatened with injur more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 4 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF12777) on Oct. 3, 2024, by Christopher A. Casey, international trade and finance analyst. Here are excerpts: * * * U.S. Tariff Policy: Overview Introduction A tariff is a customs duty levied on imported and exported goods and services. Historically, countries used tariffs as a primary means of collecting revenue. Today, other taxes account for most government revenue in develop more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 2 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following In Focus white paper (No. IF10578) on Oct. 1, 2024, by Latin American affairs specialist Clare Ribando Seelke: * * * U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation: From the Merida Initiative to the Bicentennial Framework Elevated drug overdose deaths in the United States and homicide rates in Mexico have led some in Congress to question the efficacy of U.S.-Mexican security cooperation. U.S. drug overdose deaths rose fr more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 2 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN10835) on Oct. 1, 2024, by defense infrastructure policy specialist Alexandra G. Neenan and science and technology policy analyst Marcy E. Gallo. Here are excerpts: * * * FY2025 NDAA: Accelerating Technology Transitions The Defense Department seeks technological advantages to obtain battlefield overmatch, deter potential enemies, and contribute to decisive U.S. military victory.  more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12380) on Oct. 2, 2024, by military personnel specialist Kristy N. Kamarck. Here are excerpts: * * * FY2025 NDAA: Basic Needs Allowance for Military Families In 2023, the House Armed Services Committee (HASC) established the Quality of Life (QOL) Panel to develop legislative proposals for the 118th Congress. On April 8, 2024, the QOL Panel released its final report. Several of t more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 4 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12418) on Oct. 3, 2024, by defense policy analyst Daniel M. Gettinger. Here are excerpts: * * * FY2025 NDAA: Countering Uncrewed Aircraft Systems Background Congress has expressed concerns about the threats posed by uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS, commonly known as drones) to U.S. military personnel and defense installations at home and abroad, as well as an interest in the abil more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 2 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12434) on Oct. 1, 2024, by defense infrastructure policy analyst Andrew Tilghman: * * * Disaster Recovery Funding for Military Facilities on Guam Overview In May 2023, a category-four typhoon struck the U.S. territory of Guam, causing damage to U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force facilities, cutting power lines, and disrupting water supplies for some of the 6,500 U.S. military serviceme more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 2 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12433) on Oct. 1, 2024, by Congress and legislative process specialists Drew C. Aherne and Megan S. Lynch. Here are excerpts: * * * The Fiscal Responsibility Act (FRA) in FY2025: Current Status The FY2025 Spending Limits The Fiscal Responsibility Act (FRA, P.L. 118-5), enacted in June 2023, established statutory discretionary spending limits for FY2024 and FY2025 for both defens more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 1 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12322) on Sept. 30, 2024, by public finance analyst Nicholas E. Buffie: * * * Foreign Entity of Concern Requirements in the Section 30D Clean Vehicle Credit The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA; P.L. 117-169) made significant changes to the clean vehicle credit (CVC) in Section 30D of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). The CVC allows individuals and businesses to reduce their federal in more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 4 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12331) on Oct. 2, 2024, by Latin American affairs analyst Karla I. Rios: * * * Haiti in Crisis: What Role for a Multinational Security Support Mission? The political and security situation in Haiti has deteriorated since the start of 2024; more than 3,600 people were killed or injured by gang violence in the first half of 2024. The gangs - some of which are aligned with political  more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 1 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12429) on Sept. 30, 2024. The white paper is written by section research manager Lauren R. Stienstra, American national government specialist Bruce R. Lindsay, homeland security and appropriations specialist William L. Painter, flood insurance and emergency management specialist Diane P. Horn, and emergency management and disaster recovery specialists Erica A. Lee and Elizabeth M. W more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 4 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12429) on Oct. 3, 2024. The white paper is written by section research manager Lauren R. Stienstra, American national government specialist Bruce R. Lindsay, homeland security and appropriations specialist William L. Painter, flood insurance and emergency management specialist Diane P. Horn, and emergency management and disaster recovery specialists Erica A. Lee and Elizabeth M. Web more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 1 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12431) on Sept. 30, 2024, by Middle Eastern affairs specialists Clayton Thomas and Jim Zanotti: * * * Israel Kills Leader of Lebanese Hezbollah On September 27, 2024, an Israeli airstrike in Beirut killed Hassan Nasrallah, the longtime Secretary-General of Lebanese Hezbollah. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin said that the United States was not involved and had no advance warning. more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 2 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN10835) on Oct. 1, 2024, by Diane P. Horn, flood insurance and emergency management specialist. Here are excerpts: * * * What Happens If the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Lapses? This Insight provides a short overview of what would happen if the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) were not to be reauthorized by December 20, 2024, and allowed to lapse. Expiration of  more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 2 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12432) on Oct. 1, 2024, by transportation policy specialist John Frittelli. Here are excerpts: * * * The Port Strike's Effect on Maritime Commerce The strike by port dockworkers (commonly called longshoremen) at East and Gulf Coast ports has raised concerns about the economic impact should the strike last more than a few days. The International Longshoremen's Association (ILA) an more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 1 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Insight white paper (No. IN12430) on Sept. 30, 2024, by Christina L. Arabia, security assistance, security cooperation and global arms trade analyst. Here are excerpts: * * * FY2025 NDAA: Security Cooperation Background The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) broadly defines "security cooperation" (also known as SC) as department interactions with foreign security establishments to build security relationshi more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 1 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Legal Sidebar white paper (No. LSB11230) on Sept. 30, 2024, by attorney-adviser Steve P. Mulligan: * * * The Declare War Clause, Part 1: Overview and Introduction This Legal Sidebar is the first installment in an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power "To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 1 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Legal Sidebar white paper (No. LSB11230) on Sept. 30, 2024, by attorney-adviser Steve P. Mulligan: * * * The Declare War Clause, Part 2: Historical Background, Drafting, and Ratification This Legal Sidebar is the second part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power "To declare War, grant Letters of M more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 1 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Legal Sidebar white paper (No. LSB11232) on Sept. 30, 2024, by attorney-adviser Steve P. Mulligan: * * * The Declare War Clause, Part 3: Authorizations for Use of Military Force and Debate over Initiating Military Action This Legal Sidebar is the third part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power "T more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 1 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Legal Sidebar white paper (No. LSB11233) on Sept. 30, 2024, by attorney-adviser Steve P. Mulligan: * * * The Declare War Clause, Part 4: Jurisprudence and Practice and Early American Conflicts This Legal Sidebar is the fourth part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power "To declare War, grant Letter more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 1 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Legal Sidebar white paper (No. LSB11234) on Sept. 30, 2024, by attorney-adviser Steve P. Mulligan: * * * The Declare War Clause, Part 5: The Civil War This Legal Sidebar is the fifth part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power "To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules co more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 1 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Legal Sidebar white paper (No. LSB11235) on Sept. 30, 2024, by attorney-adviser Steve P. Mulligan: * * * The Declare War Clause, Part 6: The Spanish-American War and First and Second World Wars This Legal Sidebar is the sixth part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power "To declare War, grant Letter more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 1 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Legal Sidebar white paper (No. LSB11236) on Sept. 30, 2024, by attorney-adviser Steve P. Mulligan: * * * The Declare War Clause, Part 7: The Cold War and Korean War This Legal Sidebar is the seventh part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power "To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, a more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 1 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following Legal Sidebar white paper (No. LSB11237) on Sept. 30, 2024, by attorney-adviser Steve P. Mulligan: * * * The Declare War Clause, Part 8: Vietnam War Through 21st-Century Conflicts This Legal Sidebar is the last in an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power "To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Repr more PR

WASHINGTON, Sept. 29 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R47682) on Sept. 26, 2024, entitled "Constitutional Challenges to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program" by legislative attorney Hannah-Alise Rogers. Here are excerpts: * * * SUMMARY Congress created the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program (the program) through the budget reconciliation measure known as the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA; P.L. 117-169), which became law on August 16, more PR

WASHINGTON, Sept. 29 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R47682) on Sept. 26, 2024, entitled "Constitutional Challenges to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program." Here are excerpts: * * * Eighth Amendment Claim The Eighth Amendment provides that "[e]xcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted."/115 At least three plaintiffs claimed that the IRA's excise taxes and penalties are  more PR

WASHINGTON, Sept. 29 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R48078) on Sept. 25, 2024, entitled "Credible Fear and Defensive Asylum Processes: Frequently Asked Questions." The report is written by immigration policy specialists Holly Straut-Eppsteiner, Andorra Bruna and Audrey Singer, and legislative attorney Hillel R. Smith. Here are excerpts: * * * SUMMARY Non-U.S. nationals (aliens under federal statute and regulation) subject to removal from the more PR

WASHINGTON, Sept. 29 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R48078) on Sept. 25, 2024, entitled "Credible Fear and Defensive Asylum Processes - Frequently Asked Questions:" (Continued from Part 1 of 2) * * * Credible Fear Screening Process Has credible fear screening always been part of the asylum process for migrants arriving at a U.S. border? Asylum regulations and statutory provisions did not originally include a credible fear screening process. I more PR

WASHINGTON, Sept. 29 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R44381) on Sept. 26, 2024, entitled "Intelligence Community Spending Trends" by intelligence and national security analyst Michael E. DeVine and research librarian Sofia Plagakis. Here are excerpts: * * * Summary The intelligence budget, as considered separate and distinct from the defense budget, dates to reforms initiated in the 1970s to improve oversight and accountability of the intellig more PR

WASHINGTON, Sept. 29 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R42812) on Sept. 26, 2024, entitled "National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options" by Congress specialist Jacob R. Straus, American national government specialist R. Eric Petersen and senior research librarian Jennifer E. Manning. Here are excerpts: * * * SUMMARY The National Statuary Hall Collection, located in the U.S. Capitol, comprises 100 statues provided by ind more PR

WASHINGTON, Sept. 29 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R43543) on Sept. 25, 2024, entitled "Navy LPD-17 Flight II and LHA Amphibious Ship Programs: Background and Issues for Congress" by naval affairs specialist Ronald O'Rourke. Here are excerpts: * * * Summary The Navy is procuring two types of larger amphibious ships: LHA-type "big-deck" amphibious assault ships and LPD-17 Flight II class amphibious ships. Both types are built by Huntington Ing more PR

WASHINGTON, Sept. 29 (TNSrep) - The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R44000) on Sept. 26, 2024, entitled "Turkey: Major Issues and U.S. Relations" by Middle Eastern affairs specialists Jim Zanotti and Clayton Thomas. Here are excerpts: * * * SUMMARY U.S. relations with Turkey (Turkiye) take place within a complicated geopolitical environment, reflecting some shared and some divergent perceived national interests. Turkey and other "midsize powers" such as Saudi  more PR

WASHINGTON, Sept. 29 (TNSrep) - The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R44000) on Sept. 26, 2024, entitled "Turkey - Major Issues and U.S. Relations:" (Continued from Part 1 of 2) * * * Selected Turkish Foreign Policy Issues As a more multipolar global system has emerged in the past decade, Turkey has sought greater independence of action./24 Turkish leaders appear to compartmentalize their partnerships and rivalries with other influential countries - including  more PR

WASHINGTON, Oct. 1 (TNSrep) -- The Congressional Research Service issued the following report (No. R47693) on Sept. 24, 2024, entitled "Government Shutdowns and Executive Branch Operations: Frequently Asked Questions." The report is written by Taylor N. Riccard and Clinton T. Brass, government organization and management analysts, and Barbara L. Schwemle, American national government analyst. Here are excerpts: * * * Contents Introduction ... 1 Frequently Asked Questions ... 1 How do exe more PR